Development of Dynamic Microwave and Sonication-Assisted Extraction Techniques Coupled On-Line to Gas Chromatography
نویسندگان
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediment samples . . 12 Organophosphate esters in indoor air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 EXTRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Theoretical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Extraction considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Dynamic or static extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Microwave-assisted extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Extraction options and features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Microwave dielectric heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Sonication-assisted solvent extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Generation of ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Physical parameters affecting the cavitation process . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Sample capacity and duration of extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Soxhlet extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Regulation of the microwave energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Extraction vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Local microwave hot spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Monitored extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Extraction solvent and use of restrictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Dynamic sonication-assisted extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Extraction vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Extraction solvent and use of a restrictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 PURIFICATION of EXTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Off-line clean-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 On-line clean-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY and DETECTION METHODS . . . . . . 45 Injection methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Split/splitless injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
منابع مشابه
Comparison of Hydrodistillation, Microwave Hydrodistillation and Solvent Free Microwave Methods in Analysis of the Essential Oils from Aerial Parts of Haplophyllum Robustum Bge. by GC/MS Method
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The genus Haplophyllum, which belongs to the Rutaceae family, includes 18 species in Iran. In this study, after collecting plant material, botanical identification and suitable drying, the essential oils from aerial parts of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. were extracted by three different isolation techniques, conventional hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillati...
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